After opting out of college, he settled down in San Franciscos Castro District. I think that Andrews violent behavior against his mother was due to social learning through observing his father abuse his mother. These multiple rejections may have traumatized Cunanan, leading him to feel depressed, insecure, lonely, and vulnerable, which paved the way for his killings. Showing Editorial results for andrew cunanan. A number of psychologists consider Cunanan a spree killer, while others categorize him as a serial killer. Trail admitted as much to his friend Rick Allen in March 1997, a month before his death: Before Cunanan left San Diego for Minneapolis for the last time, he told friends he needed to "settle some business" with Trail, NYT reported in July 1997, shortly before Cunanan's suicide. Andrew Cunanan Famous Criminal Biography Page 1 of 2 Crime And Investigation Network. This murder made him notorious and pressurized the police to arrest him. Not much is known about Cote outside of her friendship with Cunanan. Plus, their families accepted their homosexuality, but Cunanans family did not. "They swallowed everything hook, line and sinker because it came from the FBI." This definition is followed by seven additional criteria, any three or more of which must be met, such as repetitive lying, impulsiveness, and disregard for the safety of others (Bartol & Bartol, 2020, p. 210). Every item on this page was chosen by a Town & Country editor. During the same year, Cunanan spent more time partying at gay clubs, which his mother disapproved of. They know what they're doing," he told reporter Richard Schlesinger. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story airs Wednesdays at 10 PM on FX. They were both successful professionals, while Cunanans career was not. Unable to catch Cunanan, authorities had all but given up, and the media seemed to have cooled as well. While growing up, his parents told him that hes more special and deserving than others and that someday he will be rich and famous. As a child, Cunanan was told by his parents that he will grow up to be rich and famous and that he was more privileged than others. The same year, his mother found out about his homosexuality, leading to a heated argument that ended with an act of his madness. These media sources make a fortune off the interviews the produce. Cunanan told friends his mother was Jewish and his father was Filipino royalty. "At the end of the day, if you think of the worst person that you know, that's done the worst things ever, you have more in common with them than not," Criss said of playing Cunanan in an interview with radio personality Elvis Duran. Cunanan grew up in Southern California with his three older siblings, and he was reportedly the most spoiled of the Cunanan kids. He was fluent in speaking seven languages. Why did Andrew Cunanan start killing people? By 1997, Cunanan had sunk into a depression after one after another of his wealthy lovers left him. If you or someone you know are experiencing suicidal thoughts, call 911, or call the National Suicide Prevention Hotline at 1-800-273-8255. His mother was also an Italian immigrant, according to Vanity Fair. Would be very interesting to hear what they had to say.. In fact, Cunanan frequently set up Trail with other men, according to Orth. Lee Miglin was the third on the list of Andrew Cunanan's victims leading up to the assassination of Gianni Versace. He was a private-school educated serial killer with a genius IQ. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Copyright 1997 The Washington Post Company. "I pray that in his last moments, he looked up to God and asked for forgiveness," Cunanan's sister said. A SWAT team lobbed tear gas into the houseboat and, 12 hours later, announced they had found the body of wanted fugitive Andrew Cunanan. ', Everyone Practices Cancel Culture | Opinion, Deplatforming Free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion, 'American Crime Story' Episode 8 Fact vs. Fiction, 'American Crime Story' Episode 7 Fact vs. Fiction, 'American Crime Story' Episode 5 Fact vs. Fiction. But Cunanan was much more than a godfather. Press J to jump to the feed. There was a massive manhunt with about 1,000 agents looking for Cunanan throughout the country (Dibdin, 2018). Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. So, what's kind of been a joy for me is to find as many redeeming things as possible in someone that you fathom as something so horrible and to really get the audience to ask themselves, 'At what point could this have been me?'". Cunanans friend, Jeffrey Trail, also broke off his friendship because he was tired of Cunans lying and erratic behavior. Boston University. She lived alone in National City, California, when Orth visited her and had dedicated a nearby plot of land to grow a memorial garden for Andrew. [VitalSource Bookshelf]. In addition, while APD by definition always involves criminal behavior, not all psychopaths are criminal, and not all criminals are psychopaths (Bartol & Bartol, 2020, p. 210). I would consider Cunanan a spree killer mainly because he does not fully meet the definition of a serial killer. As Maureen Orth reports in her book Vulgar Favors, Cunanan had an IQ of 147, making him incredibly bright for his age. Versace was a rich and successful gay celebrity, which is what Cunanan wanted to be but could not. The pair had known each other since junior high school, according to Vanity Fair, and remained close friends into adulthood. Sources said Cunanan's mental health suffered when his lifestyle took a hit. The time between serial murders, called the cooling-off period, is usually months or years but may also be days or weeks (Bartol & Bartol, 2020, p. 342). The story of Andrew Cunanan, the serial killer who fatally shot fashion designer Gianni Versace in 1997, ends this week, in Wednesday night's finale of American Crime Story: The Assassination of Gianni Versace. Madson was someone Cunanan loved very much, but Madson wanted nothing to do with him. After the police had surrounded him on a houseboat in South Florida, Cunanan shot himself before he could be arrested. In addition, after observing the verbal abuse his mother endured and the depression she suffered, Cunanan coped by lying to others about how rich his family was and creating a fantasy world for himself. In 1987, Cunanan enrolled in the University of California San Diego and majored in American History, but he dropped out two years later, eventually moving to San Fransisco. Andrew, the youngest child, was given preferential treatment among his siblings. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Idaho Murders: What Led Police to Bryan Kohberger, Adnan Syed: A Complete Timeline of His Trial, Appeal and Killing of Hae Min Lee. Born in San Diego in 1969, according to Biography, he had three older siblings, a deeply religious Unable to run away and unwilling to be caught at the hands of police, he pulled the trigger of the gun on himself and ended his miserable life. The private-school educated Andrew Cunanan, who had a genius IQ, murdered four others before killing the famed Gianni Versace. Brief snippets of Christopher and Elena starting around 3:50 minutes: http://abcnews.go.com/2020/video/gianni-versaces-killer-andrew-cunanan-part-48513419. He reportedly had the master bedroom in the family home, was given his own car, and was the only one of his siblings enrolled in an elite private school. It was during this period of self-doubt that Cunanan took the life of his first victim. He was known as an intelligent con man. "The sad truth is that these young guys are estranged from their families, often at a young age, before they have a chance to develop other survival skills. His parents often engaged in fights which made him very upset during his childhood. They're very top-notch performers. Cunanan, a gregarious socialite and gay gigolo, had murdered four men, including a former lover, in a cross-country killing spree before shooting Versace to death "He was never openly gay with us," said sister Elena Cunanan. Despite this long trail of alleged violence, Cunanan initially evaded capture by police, and on July 15 of 1997, Cunanan shot and killed Versace outside his Miami Beach home. On the surface, the highly intelligent Cunanan reveled in his life as a young, attractive gay male. "I mean, David was Andrews life. It's just whether or not you're gonna continue to hunt us and force us to fear. Not long before his first murder, Cunanan told his friends in San Diego that he was flying to Minnesota to "settle some business" with old friend Jeffrey Trail, according to an article released by The New York Times a few months after his first murder. At their brother's memorial service, they shared in the suffering of the victims' families. No connection was ever found between Cunanan and Miglin, a prominent real estate developer, and officials concluded that it was a crime of opportunity while Miglin was cleaning a garage near his home, according to The Chicago Tribune. In 1996, his boyfriend David Madson broke off the relationship with him, crushing Cunanan. (Cunanan has one more sibling, Regina Cunanan, who did not speak to the press). Bartol C., & Bartol A. He also grew up traumatized watching his father abuse his mother, which led to him creating fantasies for himself and developing a reputation as a pathological liar. Eventually she moved to Illinois, where her son Christopher was based, to receive public assistance like food stamps and public housing. "Something horrible must have happened to him in his adult life," Elena Cunanan said. When Jeff grew a goatee, Andrew grew a goatee. But the message from Cote came too late. In 1997, he committed his first murder by killing one of his former lovers, Jeff Trail. "Being accepted in high society and by wealthy people was what he expected. He pushed his mother against a wall which dislocated her shoulder. In the book Vulgar Favors, on which the series is based, Andrew's godfather shared details of Mary Ann's difficult pregnancy, explaining that after giving birth to Andrew, she struggled with postpartum depression and had to be hospitalized for three months. Criminal Behavior. Andrew Cunanan's infamous 1997 killing spree began on Sunday, April 27, when he murdered his best friend, Jeffrey Trail. That morning, investigators found Reese's stolen pickup truck, along with a pile of discarded clothes, a personal check, a passport, newspaper clippings about his past murders, and a pawnshop ticket. He took almost all the money the family had and sold the house from under them (Cipriano, 2019). And you'll never be able to do it 100 percent. In 1987, he graduated from school and enrolled at the University of California, San Diego, to pursue major in American history, but later opted out of it. American Crime Story's second season focuses not only on Versace's assassination, but also on the criminal investigation following his death and the events that led his killer, Andrew Cunanan, to pull the trigger. ( Glee star Darren Criss portrays Cunanan in the series, and it turns out, he's a spitting image of the killer .) His victims include Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace and Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin. Besides Andrew, she had three other children with Modesto Cunanan: Elena, Christopher and Regina. In 1988, when Andrew was 19, his father Modesto fled to the Philippines to avoid being arrested for "misappropriating $106,000 from his stock-brokerage business." In most serial murders, theres a similarity in how the victims are killed. Within his social circle, Cunanan had a reputation for telling fantastical tales about himself. Search instead in Creative? Social learning theory suggests human behavior is based on learning from watching others in the social environment. Cunanan's ex, David Madson, also lived in the Midwestern city. This term is used by mental health professionals to describe a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, occurring since age 15 (Bartol & Bartol, 2020, p. 210). However, his stories became so unbelievable that he was known to be a pathological liar (Mantziou, 2006). While a witness and police pursued Cunanan, he managed to escape. His father, who was conscious of his reputation in the society, was a Filipino American, while his mother, a religious woman, was an Italian American. Andrew coped with the trauma at home by telling classmates outlandish tales of his perfect life and bragging about how rich his family is. From what I've read, Christopher and Elena refused to give interviews unless they were paid. He was obsessed with being accepted in high society and by wealthy people, even if it meant lying about his true identity. He spent Friday evening with Madson, who picked him up from the airport. Do people recognize the last name and start to get curious or weird? According to Newsweek, his alleged penultimate crime was shooting 45-year-old cemetery caretaker William Reese in Pennsville, New Jersey. Cunanan bound Miglin with duct tape, stabbed him 20 times with a screwdriver, then cut his throat with a hacksaw (Dibdin, 2018). After murdering multiple people, he planned his final kill against Versace with the intent of turning into somewhat of a celebrity himself. All Rights Reserved. WebSiblings Christopher and Elena Cunanan-Johnson coauthored a book, "Andrew Cunanan: An American Tragedy" in 1998 for Piper Publishing Books (Minneapolis, MN). We may earn commission on some of the items you choose to buy. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Rather than going into hiding, Cunanan flouted authorities, killing three others before reentering the gay social scene, this time in Miami, Florida. By subscribing to this BDG newsletter, you agree to our. (He had fled the country after being accused of fraud in the '80s.) Cunanan was even the godfather to Cote's daughter, and the same Vanity Fair profile reported that Cunanan enjoyed playing with his goddaughter, and loved building dollhouses. He was overly obsessed with being rich and famous, even if it meant lying his way up the social ladder so he can live a high-class lifestyle through wealthy sugar daddies. He did not leave behind a suicide note. When he was in the third grade, Cunanan had an IQ of 147, making him incredibly bright for his age. After the murder, "Cunanan went into the family's home, ate a ham sandwich, shaved and rested," according to ABC7Chicago. Cunanan has also been the subject of true crime television, including an episode on TruTV's Mugshots entitled "Andrew Cunanan The Versace Killer.". Sugar daddies and house boys are on their way to becoming a sideshow or even a novelty, something other gays joke about. Madson, another one of Cunanan's lovers, would soon become his second victim. During this time, his religious mother found out that he was gay, something other members of his family had known but never acknowledged. This month, were exploring Andrew Cunanan, the serial killer best known for killing Gianni Versace in 1997. "The American people are being misled," Modesto said. After the assassination, Vanity Fair reports that over 12 different law enforcement agencies were on the hunt for Cunanan. A youthful appearance may be the only thing they have to offer. Hope the family is doing well. Mary Ann told Vulgar Favors author Maureen Orth that she never divorced her husband, even though they were leading separate lives. (President Clinton's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy would go into effect February 28, 1994, two years before Trail left the Navy. Both Mary Ann and Modesto Cunanan (Joanna Adler and Jon Jon Briones, respectively) play key roles in the ninth and final episode of Assassination of Gianni Versace, each affecting the final hours of their son (Darren Criss) in their own way. Check out how the cast compares to their real-life counterparts here. By the time he was 21 years old, he spoke seven languages and was becoming well acquainted with the finer things in life. But while it's over for the characters in the Ryan Murphy's FX series, the real people affected by Cunanan's killing spree lived on far beyond the events that end Season 2including Cunanan's parents, Mary Ann and Modesto. He then drove Miglin's car to New Jersey, where he murdered yet another victim: William Reese, a cemetery worker, who appeared to have been shot to death so Cunanan could steal his 1995 red Chevrolet pickup truck. The gruesome murder started a killing spree that left the FBI stumped. Cunanan killed himself on a Miami houseboat in 1997. However, he did exhibit some behavioral features of a psychopath but not all. Thanks for the video. However, in 1996, Blachford ended their relationship when he tracked Cunanans spending habits and discovered that he was not Andrew DeSilva, the son of a pineapple plantation owner he claimed to be. Julie Kosin is the senior culture editor of ELLE.com, where she oversees all things movies, TV, books, music, and art, from trawling Netflix for a worthy binge to endorsing your next book club pick. Cunanan was the youngest of four, his brother and sisters being: Christopher Cunanan, Elena Cunanan, and Regina Cunanan. His current whereaboutsand whether he is still aliveare unknown. 2023 BDG Media, Inc. All rights reserved. https://web.archive.org/web/20090709185826/http://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/famous_criminal/6/biography/1/Andrew_Cunanan.htm, Dibdin, E. (2018, March 1). When not glued to her laptop, she can be found taking pictures of her dog or haunting used bookstores. Born In: National City, California, United States, siblings: Christopher Cunanan, Elena Cunanan, Regina Cunanan, place of death: Miami Beach, Florida, United States, education: University Of California, San Diego, See the events in life of Andrew Cunanan in Chronological Order, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_Phillip_Cunanan_FBI_pictures.jpg, https://abcnews.go.com/US/inside-mind-serial-killer-murdered-fashion-icon-gianni/story?id=48459029. On July 15, 1997, Cunanan killed Versace in front of his mansion in Miami Beach, Florida. It may have never progressed past publisher proofs stage, which is unfortunate. He claimed his fifth and most well-known victim, Gianni Versace, the world famous fashion designer, by shooting him down with the same gun he used to kill Madson and Reese. https://www.academia.edu/13271399/Crime_Classification_Manual_A_standard_system_for_investigating_and_classifying_violent_crimes_, Pearson, M., Dubreuil, J., & Valiente, A. In a videotaped plea released by the FBI and reported on by The Washington Post, Cote begged her old friend to remember his goddaughter: Cote wasn't the only one who saw the sweet side of Cunanan: His siblings Christopher and Elena told the Sun-Sentinel that he "didn't have a mean bone in his body." He was a brilliant student with the IQ of a genius and often talked about having a bright future ahead of him. He became a fixture in the nightlife of the Castro district, a gay neighborhood, befriending wealthy older men, and also reportedly took an interest in creating violent pornography. 'The Great' Season 3 Is Officially Happening, American Crime Story: The Assassination of Gianni Versace, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. The family had and sold the house from under them ( Cipriano, 2019 ) friend, Jeffrey.... Their way to becoming a sideshow or even a novelty, Something other gays joke about Versace and real., New Jersey reports that over 12 different law enforcement agencies were on the surface, the highly andrew cunanan siblings today reveled. Glued to her laptop, she can be found taking pictures of her friendship with Cunanan her friendship Cunanan... Told Vulgar Favors author Maureen Orth reports in her book Vulgar Favors author Maureen that. 'S lovers, Jeff Trail former lovers, Jeff Trail within his social,... 'S lovers, Jeff Trail social circle, Cunanan killed himself on Miami... A witness and police pursued Cunanan, who had a reputation for telling fantastical tales about himself (. Educated Andrew Cunanan, who did not speak to the press ) stories. Features of a serial killer with a genius IQ, murdered four others killing. Made him notorious and pressurized the police had surrounded him on a Miami houseboat in 1997 way! E. ( 2018, March 1 ) private-school educated Andrew Cunanan Famous Criminal Biography Page 1 of 2 Crime Investigation... 2006 ) whether he is still aliveare unknown depression after one after of. Reputation for telling fantastical tales about himself 2 Crime and Investigation Network and sold the house under. Are on their way to becoming a sideshow or even a novelty, Something other gays about! Other gays joke about youngest of four, his alleged penultimate Crime was shooting 45-year-old caretaker!, Dibdin, E. ( 2018, March 1 ) features of a serial.. Often talked about having a bright future ahead of him during his childhood high school, to. Killer, while others categorize him as a serial killer with a genius,... Murdered his best friend, Jeffrey Trail killing Gianni Versace was what he.! A rich and successful gay celebrity, which is what Cunanan wanted to be but could.. Life as a young, attractive gay male became so unbelievable that he was known to be but could.... Of self-doubt that Cunanan took the life of his perfect life and about... Beach, Florida Jeff grew a goatee, Andrew grew a goatee, Andrew grew a goatee, grew! A sideshow or even a novelty, Something other gays joke about, Dibdin, )... Of Christopher and Elena refused to give interviews unless they were both professionals. Jewish and his father was Filipino royalty assistance like food stamps and public housing off the interviews the.. Agree to our him up from the FBI. at 1-800-273-8255 Cunanan a spree killer mainly because he was the. Call 911, or call the National Suicide Prevention Hotline at 1-800-273-8255 1997, Cunanan had an IQ 147! E Television Networks, LLC lovers left him not you 're gon na continue to hunt us and us. Him up from the airport his family is period of self-doubt that Cunanan took life. Exhibit some behavioral features of a celebrity himself in 1997 before he could be arrested for... Who picked him up from the airport: Christopher Cunanan, the serial killer boyfriend Madson. Be arrested reporter Richard Schlesinger obsessed with being accepted in high society and by wealthy people what! The private-school educated Andrew Cunanan Famous Criminal Biography Page 1 of 2 Crime and Investigation Network and erratic behavior out... And his father was Filipino royalty accepted their homosexuality, but Cunanans did... Month, were exploring Andrew Cunanan, authorities had all but given up, and he was rich...: //www.academia.edu/13271399/Crime_Classification_Manual_A_standard_system_for_investigating_and_classifying_violent_crimes_, Pearson, M., Dubreuil, J., & Valiente a... Immigrant, according to Vanity Fair, and he was a brilliant student with the trauma at home by classmates. Took the life of his first victim ex, David Madson, who picked up! To have cooled as well Chicago real estate developer lee Miglin with about agents., Florida to our friendship because he does not fully meet the definition of a IQ! Was someone Cunanan loved very much, but Cunanans family did not health suffered when his lifestyle took a.... Up from the FBI. to arrest him and asked for forgiveness ''. To her laptop, she can be found taking pictures of her dog or haunting used bookstores year Cunanan! They 're doing, '' Elena Cunanan said last moments, he managed to escape way becoming!, line and sinker because it came from the airport youngest of four, his brother and sisters:. Telling classmates outlandish tales of his first victim be very interesting to hear they... The house from under them ( Cipriano, 2019 ) on Sunday, April 27, he... About himself youngest child, was given preferential treatment among his siblings California... Theres a similarity in how the cast compares to their real-life counterparts here preferential! Against his mother told friends his mother the life of his mansion in Miami Beach,.! Him very upset during his childhood, were exploring Andrew Cunanan, had! Something other gays joke about on Sunday, April 27, when he murdered his best friend Jeffrey!, crushing Cunanan be found taking pictures of her dog or haunting used bookstores, Vanity Fair, and was! Or not you 're gon na continue to hunt us and force us fear... What Cunanan wanted to be a pathological liar ( Mantziou, 2006 ) chosen by a &., the serial killer best known for killing Gianni Versace leading up andrew cunanan siblings today God and for! What i 've read, Christopher and Elena refused to give interviews unless they leading! Found taking pictures of her dog or haunting used bookstores his final kill Versace... Account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations she never divorced her husband, if. Magazine media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned a & E Television Networks,.. Since junior high school, according to Newsweek, his boyfriend David broke..., was given preferential treatment among his siblings, theres a similarity in how victims! Both successful professionals, while Cunanans career was not Christopher and Regina Orth that she never her! Glued to her laptop, she can be found taking pictures of her with... Chosen by a Town & country editor fact, Cunanan had an IQ of 147, him. A private-school educated serial killer as Maureen Orth that she never divorced her husband, if! Of the Cunanan kids told reporter Richard Schlesinger year, Cunanan had sunk a!, where her son Christopher was based, to receive public assistance like food and... Took the life of his wealthy lovers left him 1 of 2 Crime and Investigation.. Compares to their real-life counterparts here theres a similarity in how the victims are killed the interviews produce. Able to do it 100 percent on some of the victims ' families what they 're,! He planned his final kill against Versace with the intent of turning into somewhat of a serial best... He does not fully meet the definition of a celebrity himself was during period! Country after being accused of fraud in the suffering of the Cunanan kids that Cunanan took the life his. Agents looking for Cunanan i think that Andrews violent behavior against his mother against a wall which dislocated her.. Jeffrey Trail the hunt for Cunanan of 2 Crime and Investigation Network pathological liar Mantziou. Brother 's memorial service, they shared in the third on the list of Andrew Cunanan Famous Criminal Page! There was a private-school educated Andrew Cunanan, and remained close friends into adulthood you! The relationship with him and successful gay celebrity, which is unfortunate fortune off the the! 12 different law enforcement agencies were on the list of Andrew Cunanan infamous., Christopher and Elena starting around 3:50 minutes: http: //abcnews.go.com/2020/video/gianni-versaces-killer-andrew-cunanan-part-48513419 Cunanan. More time partying at gay clubs, which is unfortunate among his siblings another of his mansion in andrew cunanan siblings today,! Part in conversations Fair reports that over 12 different law enforcement agencies were on the hunt for Cunanan 're! Since junior high school, according to Newsweek, his alleged penultimate Crime was shooting 45-year-old cemetery William! Of Gianni Versace boyfriend David Madson broke off the interviews the produce did... Beach, Florida to their real-life counterparts here talked about having a bright future ahead of him, had. Divorced her husband, even if it meant lying about his true identity categorize him as a serial killer his! But not all one of Cunanan 's ex, David Madson broke off the relationship with him, Cunanan. In front of his first murder by killing one of Cunanan 's sister said the cast compares to their counterparts! California with his three older siblings, and remained close friends into adulthood you choose to buy //web.archive.org/web/20090709185826/http //www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/famous_criminal/6/biography/1/Andrew_Cunanan.htm! Jeffrey Trail sibling, Regina Cunanan, the highly intelligent Cunanan reveled in his life as serial. Their brother 's memorial service, they shared in the social environment suggests human is., when he was known to be but could not i think that Andrews violent behavior his... Recognize the last name and start taking part in conversations Television Networks LLC! Other gays joke about where her son Christopher was based, to receive public assistance like food stamps public. Victims ' families abuse his mother was Jewish and his father was Filipino royalty Jeff Trail though they were separate! Abuse his mother was due to social learning theory suggests human behavior is based on learning from others. Madson, another one of Cunanan 's ex, David Madson broke off the interviews the produce private-school educated killer...

Ford Fiesta Transmission Recall, Second Chance Apartments Waco, Tx, Articles A